Candidate of Sciences
junior scientific degree in Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries; somewhat comparable to the PhD
Candidate of Economic Sciences
lower doctorate in post-Soviet countries, corresponds to PhD in economics
Candidate of Geography Sciences
higher doctoral degree in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
Candidate of Technical Sciences
academic degree in the USSR and certain post-Soviet states
PhD in Philosophical Sciences
academic award in USSR & exUSSR countries (Russia, Ukraine...)
PhD in Psychology
academic degree
candidate of philology
academic degree in the USSR and post-Soviet countries
Russian and Ukrainian PhD in Political Science
academic degree in Russia and Ukraine
candidate of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics
higher doctoral degree in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
candidate in architecture
junior degree in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states
Candidate of Sciences in Medicine
academic degree in USSR and Russia