energy
quantitative property of a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light
dark energy
repulsive property with constant energy density theorized to make up most of the universe’s energy content to account for its observed expansion
heat
energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature
Hamiltonian function
function of generalized positions and momenta in Hamiltonian mechanics
bond-dissociation energy
measurement of the strength of a chemical bond
rest mass (invariant mass) or rest energy
body's intrinsic mass (or equivalent intrinsic energy), motion-independent (Lorentz invariant); equals total mass (or energy) when at rest
rest energy
product of the rest mass and the square of the speed of light in vacuum
gap energy
smallest energy difference between neighboring conduction bands separated by a forbidden band
electricity
physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge
enthalpy
measure of energy in a thermodynamic system; thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system
decay energy
Energy change of a nucleus after radioactive decay
interaction energy
Contribution to the total energy caused by interactions between entities present in the system
nuclear binding energy
energy required to split an atom's nucleus into its component parts
electron affinity
amount of energy released when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion
Gibbs free energy
type of thermodynamic potential; useful for calculating reversible work in certain systems
nonrenewable energy
energy that is collected from limited resources (only about energy such as fossil and nuclear)
accumulated cyclone energy
measure of tropical cyclone activity
agricultural energy
energy which can be obtained with the aid of the agriculture
osmotic power
energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water
sustainable energy
energy usage that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations
clean energy
renewable energy with minimal pollution
work
energy transferred to an object via the application of force on it through a displacement
sound energy
volume integral of the sound energy density
Hamiltonian operator
quantum operator for the energy
phantom energy
hypothetical form of dark energy
grand unification energy
energy scale (10¹⁶ GeV) at which the electroweak interaction and the strong interaction may unify
photon energy
energy carried by a single photon
active energy
integral of the electric instantaneous power over a time interval
thermal energy
internal energy present in a system due to its temperature
strain energy
elastic potential energy gained by a material under tensile stress
surface energy
quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is created
zero-point energy
lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field
Landau pole
energy scale (10²⁸⁶ eV) at which the interaction strength of quantum electrodynamics becomes infinite when computed perturbatively
internal energy
energy contained in a system, excluding energy due to its position as a body in external force fields or its overall motion
work function
difference of the energy of an electron at rest at infinity and the Fermi energy
thermodynamic free energy
concept in thermodynamics
radiant energy
energy carried by waves or particles
nuclear weapon yield
energy released in nuclear weapons explosions
threshold energy
minimum kinetic energy a pair of particles must have when they collide in order to produce a given particle
mechanical energy
potential and kinetic energy associated with the position and movement of a physical object
Fermi energy
concept in quantum mechanics referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature
electromagnetic energy
energy of the electromagnetic field
Lagrange function
function of generalized coordinates and velocities from which the equations of motion of a mechanical system can be derived